Story Line Andrea Sachs Essay - 2545 Words

Summary of story line Andrea Sachs is a young women that just graduated from Northwester University and has moved to New York City to pursue her dream job of being a journalist. However she gets a job every girl would want which is to be junior personal assistant to Miranda Priestly. Miranda is editor and chief of Runway magazine and to many in the fashion world she is seen as a goddess of fashion. At first Andrea has a hard time fitting in as she isn’t very into fashion and the other staff within Runway aren’t the friendliest people to work with. Not only are her colleagues hard to deal with but Miranda isn’t the easiest boss. However that doesn’t stop her as she is determined to just survive a year as Miranda’s assistant because it will help her get good opportunities in other jobs. When she disappoints Miranda and has a tough day she turns to one of her colleagues, Nigel. He helps her realize that she need to stop pitying herself and to work harder. He gives her a makeover so that she looks as though she fits in at work. When Nigel helps her we realize she has final been accepted by her colleagues. This helps her have the courage to get back up and not let anything hold her back. She is determined to get Miranda to like her which seems impossible as Miranda isn’t nice to anyone within the business. Then Andrea starts to feel as though her personal life is falling apart as she isn’t close with her family anymore, her boyfriend and her start having trouble and sheShow MoreRelatedThe Devils Wears Prada776 Words   |  4 PagesThe Devil Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger is the story of Andrea Sachs, a 23 year old woman who aspires to write for The New Yorker one day. After graduating from Brown University and traveling Europe for the summer, Andrea returns home and looks for a job while staying with her friend Lily in New York. Andrea receives a call from Elias Clark, a major magazine publisher and is surprised to find that they have read her resume and would like to speak with her about a position they have available. Read MoreDevil Wears Prada Comparison Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pageswe are introduced to the protagonist- Andrea Sachs, an aspirational writer who has moved to New York to pursue her dreams. She lands a job at â€Å"Runway† (a fashion magazine) as Mir anda Priestly’s assistant. Miranda is the editor in chief at Runway and is well known in the world of fashion. While trying to impress her unpleasable boss at work and maintain healthy relationships with her friends Andrea is nearly torn apart. As things get progressively worse, Andrea realizes that this job is simply notRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maris Stella s The Devil Wears Prada 1752 Words   |  8 PagesStudies Film Review Maris Stella School By: Kenda Lang Released: June 30th 2006 Directed by: David Frankel Adaption of: The Devil Wears Prada the novel Lauren Weisberger: Story line and novelist Screenplay: Aline Brosh McKenna Genre: Drama/Romantic film Film Duration: 1hour 50minutes Lead Actors: Anne Hathaway Meryl Streep Emily Blunt Stanley Tucci Contents page: Cover Page- Read MoreFilm Review : The Devil Wears Prada Essay2408 Words   |  10 Pages(Miranda Priestly) Anne Hathaway (Andrea Sachs) Plot summary The Devil Wears Prada is a story that follows a 23 year old woman, Andrea (Andy) Sachs, who s fresh out of Northwestern University and aspires to be a journalist for the New Yorker. Andrea does an interview at Elias-Clark publications and learns that Miranda Priestly, the Editor In Chief of Runway Magazine (One of the most influential magazines in the fashion industry) is looking for a new assistant. Andrea is told many times that this jobRead MoreAnalysis Of The Devil Wears Prada 2071 Words   |  9 Pagesengaging story of growth, women empowerment, and to bring awareness of the everyday struggles women go through because of society. This film has a plethora of stereotypes shown through out the movie, then they balance it all out by introducing characters that disrupt those stereotypes. By having those stereotypes in place to counteract those beliefs is in a way to show the audience that women are more than what society paints them out to believe. The main character Andrea (Andy) Sachs is a perfectRead MoreThe Impact of External Debt on the Nigerian Economy9107 Words   |  37 PagesThe public sector was responsible for the 16% of South Africa’s foreign debt; 44% of South Africa’s foreign liabilities were incurred by the banking sector; the remaining 40% were private liabilities. When Chase Manhattan withdrew substantial credit lines from South Africa in 1985, a major foreign debt crisis became glaring. The impact of credit freeze and refusal to roll credit over on South Africa led to a drop in the value of rand (South African currency) and temporary closure of the financial andRead More32802493 Essay14729 Words   |  59 Pagescountry’s high interest rates. Rousseff also assured that increasing exports, particularly manufactured goods, would be a priority of her government.5 Yet, by June 2011, industrial production growth had fallen to a weak 1.6%. As productivity began to flat line, many critics worried about the nation’s lack of competitiveness. The Brazilian government struggled to define the best balance between exchange rate policy and monetary policy for economic growth. Other challenges included the nation’s poor infrastructureRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagessucceed? This is the story of a CEO who refused to accept failures as inevitable and set up a system to prevent them. Satisï ¬ cing Don Moyer Optimizing – the art of ï ¬ nding the best choice among all choices – is a luxury we can seldom afford. 124 8 Harvard Business Review | April 2007 | hbr.org Xerox Global Services professionals can transform your firm’s document processes to create revenue while driving up productivity. Result? Improved top and bottom lines. There’s a new wayRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDo? 516 Culture’s Functions 516 †¢ Culture Creates Climate 516 †¢ Culture as a Liability 517 Creating and Sustaining Culture 519 How a Culture Begins 519 †¢ Keeping a Culture Alive 519 †¢ Summary: How Cultures Form 523 How Employees Learn Culture 523 Stories 523 †¢ Rituals 524 †¢ Material Symbols 524 †¢ Language 524 Creating an Ethical Organizational Culture 525 Creating a Positive Organizational Culture 527 Spirituality and Organizational Culture 529 What Is Spirituality? 529 †¢ Why Spirituality Now? 530Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesIssue Boxes are inclu ded in each chapter to highlight relevant concepts and issues, or related information, and we are even testing Profile Boxes. Learning insights help students see how certain practices—both errors and successes—cross company lines and are prone to be either traps for the unwary or success modes. Discussion Questions and Hands-On Exercises encourage and stimulate student involvement. A recent pedagogical feature is the Team Debate Exercise, in which formal issues and options

Essay about The Role of Minor Characters in Medea by...

As the famous Greek playwright Euripides once said: â€Å"Stronger than lovers love is lovers hate. Incurable, in each, the wounds they make.† Such ideas are portrayed in one of him most famous plays, Medea. This play is a fascinating classic centered on the Greek goddess Medea. Despite its recent fame, during his time, Euripides was unpopular since he used what would be considered a ‘modern’ view where he would focus on women, slaves and persons from the lower classes. In the play, Medea commits filicide, which initially appears extremely horrendous, but as the audience is guided through the play, they develop sympathy towards Medea. In order to achieve this empathy and enhance the understanding of Medea’s pride and ideals, Euripides†¦show more content†¦The Nurse is also presented as Medea’s old friends even though she is a slave while Medea is goddess. This representation of a friendship, which crosses social boundaries, makes Medea seem fair and unbiased towards social classes unlike most typical characters in this era where the social clashes would represent a huge problem. Although the Children are not active characters, they still give us much insight into Medea’s character. Despite the children’s fundamental role in the play, they are rarely seen on the stage and have very few lines. This may be due to the fact that children are very hard to control on stage, in most cases they simply do not have the level of discipline required to act. Euripides makes up for this by manifesting the presence of the children by always referring to them through other characters. All of these minor characters encourage sympathy from the audience. The Chorus portrays their compassion towards Medea as they say, â€Å"I heard her voice, I heard that unhappy woman from Colchis† (p.21), they chiefly portray the extreme sadness and discontent which Medea experiences and the extent of passion she has towards Jason. Similarly, when the Nurse indirectly introduces Medea she first describes her by saying: But now her world has turned to enmity, and wounds her Where her affection’s deepest. Jason has betrayed His own sons, and my mistress, for a royal bed, For alliance with the king ofShow MoreRelatedEvaluation of Euripides Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluation of Euripides Euripides has met the conventions of Attic Tragedy up to a particular extent. Although he was often criticised for his work, he followed the structure and cycles of the traditional tragedy. However, his stance on the themes and ideas set him apart from the other writers. It is unreasonable to compare Euripides with the traditional writers of Attic tragedy without understandingRead MoreMedea And Oedipus Rex1447 Words   |  6 Pagesothers may seem like a one sided answer. However, upon closer inspection, it is acceptable to say that although some would argue that people’s own desires dictate their actions, the influences of others play a more prominent role in how an individual acts. The Greek tragedies â€Å"Medea† and â€Å"Oedipus Rex† are both stories that explore this controversial topic. â€Å"Oedipus Rex† follows the story of a king named Oedipus. His land is plagued, and the only way to get rid of this plague is to exile the one who killedRead MoreMedeas Transformation1270 Words   |  6 PagesMedea’s Transformation Medea is a play featuring a title character who is a very unusual woman. Brad Levett’s essay â€Å"Verbal Autonomy and Verbal Self-Restraint in Euripides’ Medea† exemplifies the thoughts of three authors after discussing how Medea relates to a Greek hero that was invulnerable in all of his body except for one minor spot and/or the play resembling a Greek tragedy that narrated the fate of a warrior after memorable battles. These scholars believed that Medea â€Å"comes into conflict withRead More Medea Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pages Title of Work: Medea Country/Culture: Greek Literary Period: Classical Type of Literature (genre): Drama/Tragedy Author: Euripides Authorial information: Euripides was born in 484 BC and took up drama at the young age of 25. At most drama competitions, however his plays came in last place until he was about 45 or 50 years old. In his entire life, he wrote 92 plays of which only five received first place awards at competition. Euripides despised women. He had been married twice to unfaithfulRead MoreEssay on The Lives of Athenian Women1880 Words   |  8 PagesWomen in classical Athens could not have had an extremely enjoyable experience, if we rely on literary sources concerning the roles of women within the Greek polis. The so-called Athenian democracy only benefited a fraction of the entire population. At least half of this population was female, yet women seem to have had very little influence and few official civic rights. `The position of women...is a subject which has provoked much controversy. (Lacey: 1968, 151). Studies concerning theRead MoreBiography of Euripides1861 Words   |  8 PagesChapter 1: Euripides Biography Part 1: Bob Prescott Euripides lived in a very mysterious time. We know so little about the era in which he lived because of the loss of many ancient manuscripts at the burning of the Library of Alexandria. Given this massive loss of knowledge of the pre-modern world, it is hard to cobble together a full biography of Euripides. There is, however quite a lot of information known about him. This is known due to the fact that Euripides is a character in some of Aristophanes’Read More Importance of the Tutor in Electra1623 Words   |  7 Pages When delving into a novel, drama or other character-based text, analysts often focus their search around the supposed major characters who seem to most directly affect the work. In considering Electra, however, just as valuable as Orestes, Clytemnestra or Electra herself is a somewhat minor character, the Tutor. This attendant of Orestes emerges only three times and is on stage for less than twenty percent of the spoken lines, yet his role in driving the plot is as great as any. If Aristotle

EARTH Essay Example For Students

EARTH Essay The Earth, mans home, is a planet. The Earth has special characteristics, and these areimportant to man. It is the only planet known to have the right temperature and the right atmosphere tosupport the kind of environments and natural resources in which plants and man and other animals cansurvive. This fact is so important to man that he has developed a special science called ecology, whichdeals with the dependence of all living things will continue to survive on the planet. Many millions of kinds of plants and animals have developed on Earth. They range in size frommicroscopic plant and animals to giant trees and mammoth whales. Distinct types of plants or animals maybe common in many parts of the world or may be limited to a small area. Some kinds thrive underconditions that are deadly for others. So some persons suggest that forms of life quite different fromthose known on Earth might possibly survive on planets with conditions that are far different fromconditions on Earth. Many persons believe that the Earth is the only planet in the solar system that can support anykind of life. Scientists have theorized that some primitive forms of life may exist on the surface ofMars, but evidence gathered in 1976 by unmanned probes sent to the Martian surface seems to indicate thatthis is unlikely. Scientist at one time also believed that Venus might support life. Clouds always hide thesurface of Venus, so it was thought possible that the temperature and atmosphere on the planets surfacemight be suitable for living things. But it is now known that the surface of Venus is too hotanaverage of 800 F (425 C)for liquid water to exist there. The life forms man is familiar with could notpossibly live on Venus. The Earth has excellent conditions for life. The temperature is cool enough so that liquid watercan remain on Earths surface. In fact, oceans cover more than two thirds of the surface. But thetemperature is also warm enough so that a small fraction of this water is permanently frozennear theNorth and South Poles and on some mountain tops. The Earths atmosphere is dense enough for animals to breathe easily and for plants to take upthe carbon dioxide they need for growth. But the atmosphere is not so dense that it blocks out sunlight. Although clouds often appear in the sky, on the average enough sunlight reaches the surface of the Earthso that plants flourish. Growing plants convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of theirown bodies. This interaction between plants and the sun is the basic source of energy for virtually allforms of life on Earth. Extensive exploration of the sea floor since 1977, however, has uncovered the existence ofbiological communities that are not based on solar energy. Active areas of sea floor spreading, such asthe centers in the eastern Pacific that lie far below the limit of light penetration, have chimney likestructures known as smokers that spew mineral-laden water at temperatures of approximately 660 F (350 C). Observations and studies of these active and inactive hydrothermal vents have radically alteredmany views of biological, geological, and geochemical processes that exist in the deep sea. One of themost significant discoveries is that the vents and associated chemical constituents provide the energysource for chemosynthetic bacteria. These bacteria form, in turn, the bottom of the food chain,sustaining the lush biological communities at the hydrothermal vent sites. Chemosynthetic bacteria arethose that use energy obtained from the chemical oxidation of inorganic compounds, such as hydrogensulfide, for the fixation of carbon dioxide into organic matter. Although the atmosphere allows sunlight to reach the Earths surface, it blocks out certainportions of solar radiation, especially X rays and ultraviolet light. Such radiation is very harmful,and, if the atmosphere did not filter it out, probably none of the life forms on Earth could ever havedeveloped. So, the necessary conditions for these life formswater, the planet in the solar systemknown to have all these right conditions. THE EARTHS PLACE IN SPACE Despite its own special conditions, the Earth is in some ways similar to the other innerplanetsthe group of planets nearer to the sun. Of these planets, Mercury is the closest to the sun;Venus is second; the Earth is third; and Mars is forth. All of these planets, including the Earth, arebasically balls of rock. Mercury is the smallest in size. It diameter is about two thirds the greatestwidth of the Atlantic Ocean. Mars is larger than Mercury, but its diameter is only a little more thanhalf that of the Earth. Venus, width a diameter of roughly 7 600 miles (12 000 kilometers), is almost aslarge as Earth. Four of the five outer planets are much bigger than any of the inner planets. The largest,Jupiter, has a diameter more that 11 times as great as that of the Earth. These four outer planets arealso much less dense than the inner planets. They seem to be balls of substances that are gases on Earthbut chiefly solids at the low temperatures and high pressures that exist on the outer planets. The exact size or mass of Pluto, the most distant planet, is not known. Its composition is alsoa mystery. All that is known for sure about Pluto is its orbit . Plutos average distance from the sunis almost 40 times that of the Earth. At the outer reaches of the solar system are the comets. A comet consists of nucleus of frozengases called ices, water and mineral particles; and a coma of gases and dust particles. Some comets alsohave tails. A comets tail consists of gases and particles of dust from the coma. As the cometapproaches the sun, light from the sun and the solar wind cause tails to form. For this reason the tailspoint generally away from the sun. THE PLANET For several hundred years almost everyone has accepted the fact that the world is round. Mostpersons think of it as a sphere, somewhat like a solid ball. Actually, the diameter is nearly, but notexactly, spherical. It has a slight bulge around the equator. Measured at sea level, the diameter ofthe Earth around the equator is 7 926.7 miles (12 756.8 kilometers). The distance from the North to the South pole, also measured at sea level, is 7 900.0 miles (12713.8 kilometers). Compared to overall diameter, the difference seems smallonly 26.7 miles (43kilometers). But compared to the height of the Earths surface features, it is large. For example, thetallest mountain, Mount Everest, juts less than 6 miles (9 kilometers) above sea level. The Earthsshape has another slight distortion. It seems slightly fatter around the Southern Hemisphere than aroundthe Northern Hemisphere. This difference is, at most, about 100 feet (30 meters). The shape of the Earth was originally calculated from measurements made by surveyors who workedtheir way mile by mile across the continents. Today, artificial satellites, then calculate thegravitational force that the Earth exerts on the satellites. From these calculations, they can deducethe shape of the Earth. The slight bulge around the Southern Hemisphere was discovered from calculationsmade in this way. The Earths Mass, Volume, and Density The mass of the Earth has been found to be, in numerals, 6 sextillions, 595 quintillions tons. Scientists measure the Earth mass by means of a very delicate laboratory experiment. They place heavylead weights of carefully measured mass near near other in an apparatus that measures the force of thegravitational attraction between them. According to Newtons law of gravitation, the force of gravity is proportional to the products ofthe two masses involved. The force of the Earths gravity on the experimental mass is easily measured. It is simply the weight of the mass itself. The force of gravity between two known masses in thelaboratory can be measured in the experiment. The only missing factor is the mass of the Earth, whichcan easily be determined by comparison. Scientists can calculate the Earths volume because they know the shape of the Earth. Theydivide the mass of the Earth by the volume, which gives the average density of the material in the Earthas 3.2 ounces per cubic inch (5.5 grams per cubic centimeter). This average value includes all the material from the surface of the Earth down to the center ofthe Earth. But not all of the material in the Earth has the same density. Most of the material on thecontinents is only about half as dense as this average value. The density of the material at the centerof the earth is still somewhat uncertain, but the best evidence available shows that it is about threetimes the average density of the Earth. Lucky Shot EssayIn New York City, where fresh water is available, the cost is about 20 cents per thousand gallons. Scientists have investigated the use of nuclear-powered distillation plants. One plant wouldproduce 150 million gallons of water daily at a cost of 35 to 40 cents per thousand gallons. It alsowould provide nearly 2 million kilowatts of electricity. The Atmosphere The Earths structure consists of the crust, the mantle, and the core. Another way of definingthe Earths regions, especially those near the surface, makes it easier to understand importantinteractions that take place. In this definition, the regions are called the lithosphere, thehydrosphere, and the atmosphere. The lithosphere includes all the solid material of the Earth. Litho refers to stone, and thelithosphere is made up of all the stone, rock, and the whole interior of the planet Earth. The hydrosphere includes all the water on the Earths surface. Hydro means water, and thehydrosphere is made up of all the liquid water in the crustthe oceans, streams, lakes, andgroundwateras well as the frozen water in glaciers, on mountains, and in the Arctic and Antarctic icesheets. The atmosphere includes all the gases above the Earth to the beginning of interplanetary space. Atmo means gas or vapour. The atmosphere extends to a few hundred miles above the surface, but it has nosharp boundary. At high altitudes it simply gets thinner and thinner until it becomes impossible to tellwhere the gas of interplanetary space begins. The atmosphere contains water vapour and a number of other gases. Near the surface of the Earth,78 percent of the atmosphere is nitrogen. Oxygen, vital for all animal species, including man, makes up21 percent. The remaining one percent is composed of a number of different gases, such as argon, carbondioxide, helium, and neon. One of thesecarbon dioxideis a vital to plant life as oxygen is to animallife. But carbon dioxide makes up only about 0.03 percent of the atmosphere. The weight of the atmosphere as it presses on the Earths surface is great enough to exert anaverage force of about 14.7 pounds per square inch (1.03 kilograms per square centimeter) at sea level. The pressure changes slightly from place to place and develops the high and low pressure regionsassociated with weather patterns. The pressure at 36 000 feet (11 000 meters) a typical cruisingaltitude for commercial jet planesis only about one fifth as great as atmospheric pressure at sealevel. The temperature of the atmosphere also falls at high altitudes. At 36 000 feet (11 000 meters),the temperature averages -56 C. The average temperature remains steady at 56 C and up to an altitudeof 82 000 feet (25 000 meters). Above this altitude, the temperature rises. The atmosphere has been divided into regions. The one nearest the Earthbelow 6 miles (10kilometers)is called the troposphere. The next higher region, where the temperature remains steady, iscalled the stratosphere. Above that is the mesosphere, and still higher, starting about 50 miles (80kilometers) above the surface, is the ionosphere. In this uppermost region many of the molecules and atoms of the Earths atmosphere are ionized. That is, they carry either a positive or negative electrical charge. The composition of the upper atmosphere is different from that of the atmosphere near the Earthssurface. High in the stratosphere and upward into the mesosphere, chemical reactions take place amongthe various molecules. Ozone, a molecule that contains three atoms of oxygen, is formed. ( A moleculeof the oxygen animals breathe has two atoms.) Other molecules have various combinations of nitrogen andoxygen. In higher regions the atmosphere is made up almost completely of nitrogen, and higher stillalmost completely of oxygen. At the outer most reaches of the atmosphere, the light gases, helium andhydrogen, predominate. The Earths Magnetic Field Scientists explain that another boundary besides the atmosphere seems to separate the environmentof the Earth from the environment of space. This boundary is known as the magnetopause. It is theboundary between that region of space dominated by the Earths magnetic field, called the magnetosphere,and interplanetary space, where magnetic fields are dominated primarily by the sun. The Earth has a strong magnetic field. It is as if the Earth were a huge bar magnet. Themagnetic compass used to find directions on the Earths surface works because of this magnetic field. This same magnetic field extends far out into space. The Earths magnetic field exerts a force on any electrically charged particle that moves throughit. There appears to be a steady wind of charged particles moving outward from the sun. This solar wind is deflected near the Earth by the Earths magnetic field. In this interaction,the Earths magnetic field is slightly squeezed in on the side that faces the sun, and pulled out into along tail on the side away from the sun. In the magnetosphere, orbiting swarms of charged particles move in huge broad belts around theEarth. Their movement is regular because they are dominated by the comparatively constant magnetic fieldof the Earth. The discovery of these radiation belts by the first American satellite, Explorer 1, wasone of the earliest accomplishments of the space age. The charged particles within the radiation belts actually travel in a complex corkscrew pattern. They move back and forth from north to south while the whole group slowly drifts around the Earth. When the magnetic field of the sun is especially strong, the magnetosphere is squeezed. Thebelts of trapped particles are pushed nearer to the Earth. Scientists are not certain what causes thefamous aurora borealis, or northern lights, and the aurora australis, or southern lights. According toone explanation, when the trapped particles are forced down into the Earths atmosphere, they collidewith particles there and a great deal of energy is exchanged. This energy is changed into light, and thespectacular auroras result. The Earth Through Time The Earths crust formed about 4.5 billion years ago. Since then the surface features of theland have been shaped, destroyed, and reshaped, and even the positions of the continents have changed. Over the years, various kinds of plants and animals have developed. Some thrived for a time and thendied off: others adapted to new conditions and survived. All these events are recorded in the Earths rocks, but the record is not continuous in anyregion. Geologists can sometimes fill in the gaps by studying sequences of rocks in various regions ofthe Earth. The Earths Motion and Time The Earth makes one rotation on its axis every 24 hours with reference to the sun. It is 24hours from high noon on one day to high noon on the next. It takes 365.25 daysone yearfrom the Earthto travel once around the sun. Calendars mark 365 days for most years, but every fourth yearleapyearhas 366 days. When observed from over the North Pole, the Earth rotates and revolves in a counterclockwisedirection. When observed from the South Pole, the Earth rotates and revolves in a clockwise direction. The Changing Earth The great features of the Earth seem permanent and unchanging. The giant mountain ranges, thelong river valleys, and the broad plains have been known throughout recorded history. All appearchangeless, but changes occur steadily. Small ones can be seen almost any day. The rivulets of mud thatform on the side of a hill during a rainstorm move soil from one place to another. Sudden gusts of windblow dust and sand around, redistributing these materials. Occasionally, spectacular changes take place. A volcano erupts and spreads lava over thesurrounding landscape, burying it under a thick layer of fresh rock. Earthquakes break the Earthscrust, causing portions of it to slide and move into new positions. In the lifetime of one man, or even in the generations of recorded history, these changes havebeen small compared to the changes that created mountains or the vast expense of the prairie. But therecorded history of man covers only a short period of the Earths history. Scientists believe that theEarth has existed for about 4.5 billion years. Mans recorded history extends back only about 6 000years, or 0.0000013 percent of the Earths age. There is ample evidence that the Earths surface haschanged greatly since its original formation.

Buyer Behaviour Essay Example For Students

Buyer Behaviour Essay Working women buy products and services essentially the same as non working women. INTRODUCTIONConsumer behaviour can be defined as the acts of individuals directly involved in obtaining and using economic and services, including the decision process that precede and determine these acts. (Engel et al, 1968, p 5)Buyer behaviour refers to the acts of individuals directly involved in the exchange of money for economic goods and services and the decision process that determined these act. (Engel et al, 1968, p 5). Both consumer and buyer behaviour differ amongst the population as people have different wants and needs. Therefore it is untrue to say that working women buy products and services essentially the same as non working women. No two people are similar as physiological factors, cultural forces, economic considerations, interpersonal relationships, personality, self-concept, and learning are variables that shape goals and influence. (Runyon, K.E. 1980). However consumers can be put into groups if they have similar characteristics, i.e. if they come from the same social class, background, age, lifestyle. Working and non-working women can be segmented in two separate groups. They are different because of many influences. Some are external due their social environment. What they do with these social stimuli involves a psychological process that differs from each other. These social influences and internal processes may evolve into a decision by the consumer to make a purchase or not. (refer to table 1). (Engel et al, 1968). As both groups possess different characteristics, it is necessary for marketers to understand that they will have different wants and needs. Table 1. Factors influencing behaviourPersonal PsychologicalCulturalSocial ? Age LifestyleMotivationCultureReference groups? OccupationPerceptionSubcultureFamily? Economic LearningSocial classRoles status? Personality Beliefs ? Self conceptAttitudesCulturalEngel et al, (1968) suggest that culture refers to the unique patterns of behaviour and social relations that characterises and distinguishes it from other societies. Culture is not inherited genetically, it is rather the result of learning. Parents, teachers and schools help indoctrinate each generation into a cultural decision. All cultures will develop from interactions between people in efforts to adjust to one another and their environments. In each society, the culture of that society has a functional purpose. It provides values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours that facilitate human interaction. The culture of a working woman will be very different from that of a non working female. Spiro, R.L studies show that Strodtbec t, I. L. found cultural differences with respect to the roles of females were related to differences in decision making. This is because both groups will have different beliefs and attitudes due to the way they have been nurtured. Social In a materialist society economic well-being much determines what social class you are in. If this was the case, than working women would be in a much higher class than non working. However focusing primarily on income fails to recognise the differences in spending of disposal income characteristics of social classes. For example a teacher who earns the same as a truck driver will spend their money in distinctly different ways, the service and goods will not be the same. (Runyon, K.E 1980). Working women may spend their money on socialising i.e. with friends etc. whereas a non working woman may have children and therefore spend much money on the family Social class differences are variations in life-styles, in values, interpersonal attitudes and self perception. These differences influence consumer behaviour, shopping patterns, and effective communications. Therefore marketing practitioners should understand that social class should be considered as a variable when may be help ful in developing strategies of product differentiation and market segmentation, however this does depend on the type of product itself the patterns of usage and competitive climate in which the product exists in. The working woman will more likely be earning a salary/wage than the non working which then puts them into different social group. Because of the money being earned this again changes the lifestyles, behaviour and attitudes of the non working female. The significance of reference group to buying behaviour varies depending upon the product or service, i.e. whether it is a necessity or luxury. Reference groups can be segmented into different categories, primary references will include immediate families, close friends and work co-workers. This group is particularly important when are purchases are made that will affect other members of the family such as holidays are booked. Secondary reference groups are those who we have formal contact with such as religious organisations, trade unions. (Runyon, K.E, 1980)Women change as consumers, as they have move through different stages of the lifecycle. The way they buy, and use products, read, watch and listen to media is affected by whom they live with, i.e. if there is a partner, children or single. Harvard Business Review (1978)Familiy background will also affect buying decision. This includes political views and how education is valued. It can be assumed that a working woman may be more educated than a non working women who may not find education as being a key priority. Adcock, D et al, (1993) suggest that status within these groups are not necessarily automatic, therefore purchase which imply status within this group are likely to be affected by the expected attitude to the product itself. Roles and status Working women tend to play a greater role in family decision making than non working. Studies by Wolfe, D.M. (1959) claim that the working woman gains power in several ways. Firstly she has resources such as financial. Intellectual, skill which cannot be developed at home, and secondly she becomes less dependent on her partner (if not single) for the satisfaction of her social and prestige needs. Personal The buying decision often depends on the consumers demographic profile. Any of the below variables can be relevant to an individuals buying decision. Lifestyle age A working woman will lead a different lifestyle to a non working woman. Working women will tend to spend money on lunch snacks from shops and eat out in restaurants more than unemployed as working women avoid cooking and this is one reason for eating out. Mintel report (Women 2000 Women and Shopping: The Role Of Convenience. (11/01/99) claims that 47% of working women will spend their Friday evening at the public house whereas only 19% of non working women will. (Refer to appendix 1). 11% of women with full time jobs say they visit or order from pizza or pasta restaurant at least once in 2 weeks where as only 4% of non working women do. (see appendix 2)Mintel studies of Women 2000 claim that working women are considerably more likely than those without jobs to be interested in film, book and music review. (WWW.sinatra.com)Bartos, R. (1979) studies show that working wives spend fewer hours per week carrying out house chores, thus many find it necessary to purchase time saving goods and services in order to successfully combine dual productive roles. Marginal costing distingushes between fixed costs and variable costs Essay? Target market selection? Product and services? Pricing decisions? Promotion decisions. ? Distribution process? PositioningTarget market segmentationMarketers should look at working women and non working women as two separate segments. This is because they shop differently, favour different brands, use media differently, have different motives and lifestyles. Harvard Business Review (1978)Product and servicesFrom the research carried out, evidence shows that working women will not purchase products and services essentially the same. Many internal and external factors will determine their purchase decision making. Pricing decisionNon working women will be cautious about the value of products and services, whereas the higher salary /wage earned by the working woman will vary in the cost of what they will pay for a service or product. The working woman may be brand loyal, however the non working woman will usua lly buy a less expensive product. (WWW.mintel.com). Promotion decisionsMintel report (Women 2000, 11/01/99) concludes that advertisers and marketers need to target working women differently from non-working women. This is because non working women watch more television than working women who scarcely view it morning or evening. Also working and non working women perceive different perceptions and messages from advertising. For example a study was conducted to examine how employed and non-employed wives respond to different elements of automobile advertising messages. Data was gathered by interviewing 727 women via telephone. Results revealed that employment status significantly affects perceptions of advertising message appeals. More so, retired wives respond differently from other home-makers even though they are also non-employed. It also found that employed wives views value for money, interest rate of loan and monthly payment more important than non-working women. However the latter considered length of warranty and special rebate offer to be of greater importance than employed women. European Business ASAP (Jan,1997 v37 p54)Working women are the heaviest listeners to Radio and magazines tend to be more important in their lifestyles. Harvard Business Review (1978). Distribution decisionsWorking women are least likely to enjoy any grocery shopping however they do shop in more than one grocery shop. It can be recommended that a secondary shopping outlet be situated near workplaces. Home deliveries could be successful as this would make them a prime target for home shopping services. PositioningTherefore marketers will need to position their products differently in the market so they can target both groups of women who have different wants and needs. BIBLIOGRAPHYBooksWolfe, D.M. Power and Authority In the Family. In Dorwin Catwright, ed., Studies in Social Power (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1959), P.109Engel, J.E., Kollat, D.T,. Blackwell, R.D. Consumer Behaviour. Pub-Holt, Reinhart and Winston, Inc. (1968,)Runyon, K.E. Consumer Behaviour and the Practice of Marketing. 2nd edition. Pub-A. Bell and Howell Company (Northern Arizona University) (1980). Adcock, D., Bradfield, R., Halborg, A., Ross, R., Marketing Principles and Practice. Pub-Pitman Publishing (1993). JournalsWhat Every Marketer Should Know About Women. Harvard Business Review 56, 3 (1978): 73-85European Business ASAP (Jan,1997 v37 p54)European Business ASAP, (September,19,1991 p5)Spiro, R.L Persuasion in Family Decision Making. Journal of Consumer Research 9, 4 (1983): 393 402Bellante, D., and Foster, A.C. Working Wives and Expenditures on Services. Journal of Consumer Research 11 (1984): 700-707 Bartos, R. The Moving target: The impact of Womens Employment on Consumer Behaviour. Journal of Marketing 41, 3 (1977): 31-37. InternetWWW.Mintel.com Women 2000, Women and Shopping: The Role Of Convenience. (11/01/99)WWW.Mintel.com Women and Finance (27/10/99)WWW.Emerald.com. Bartos, R. The Moving target: The impact of Womens Employment on Consumer Behaviour. Journal of Marketing 41, 3 (1977): 31-37.

Living Trend of Young People in Vietnam free essay sample

Then, the business model of internet coffee shop started spreading all over the country and this was the time when Vietnamese young people were able to access to the internet. Internet has brought Western culture into Vietnam and changed the lifestyle of Vietnamese, especially the young people. In recent years, there is a growing tendency of young people living following a trend. In this essay, I would like to discuss further about this new problem of Vietnamese society. Living following a trend can be understood as that fashion, hobbies, behaviors and even feelings are affected by a trend existed in the society. In Western countries, subcultures have existed for quite a long time and become familiar with everyone. As internet appeared, these subcultures also entered Vietnam along with the music and fashion. Immediately, it created a huge wave of changing in the young people then. For example, 2007 was the year that emo really became a part of life that was admited by young people. We will write a custom essay sample on Living Trend of Young People in Vietnam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Emo represents â€Å"a style of rock music characterized by melodic musicianship and expressive, often confessional lyrics; it originated in the mid-1980s hardcore punk movement of Washington, D. C† (Wikipedia). From a style of music, there was a lifestyle created. Young people, who follows the emo lifestyle, are called â€Å"emo kids†. They are usually highly emotional and have pesimistic view of life, they form groups and come together to express their feelings, share stories and even cry together. Emo kids are easily recognized with dark heavy eye make-up, dark deep black lips, colorful hair colors and lots of rings. In some countries such as Russia or Canada, there are now some emo group being very popular. However, when emo came to Vietnam, its nature was not well kept. Only a small part of emo-ers in Vietnam is naturally emotional and in need of sharing feelings, while the larger main part is known because of their ridiculous overeactions. Back then in 2007, there was limited resources for young people to get knowledge and update information about the world, so emo easily became a hot trend because of its strong impression and being an emo kid can quickly make one popular and well-known. But the dangerous thing happened then was that a large number of young people started to think being an emo kid was the definitely right thing to do and they wanted to prove their maturity by living like an emo kid. It was either good or bad, only the inside could understand. At the same time, some other subcultures, mostly from America, also entered Vietnam and became popular, such as Rap – Hip hop, Yuppie, Skateboarder or Punk Rock. These subcultures have been popular for a long time and created a new way of living and behavioring of young people. However, it is necessary to differentiate between these subculture and the living trend. Subculture means â€Å"segments of culture which (while reflecting the dominant aspects of the main culture) show different customs, norms, and values, due to differences in geographical areas or (within an organization) departmental goals and job requirements† (Business Dictionary) while the living trend discussed in this essay reflects the short-term orientation of life due to specific reasons and may be eradicated or replaced by other orientations soon. As rated on the Internet, the followings are the hottest trends of young people which are most concerned by the society. 1. â€Å"Aped and copied† lifestyle Nowadays, young people are having a much easier life compared to their parents, but also life is more complicated and full of temptation that easily make young people fall in and totally atracted to a special or unique lifestyle to prove themselves. A few years ago, a kind of measurement was â€Å"invisibly† formed among young people in order to evaluate people. It means that you have to use expensive and modern mobile phones, wear luxurious clothes and be a billionaire of time and money. This is still model of good living in youth at present, and it may be the reason why Vietnamese are considered as pragmatic. The fact above is only one of the living model that young people are addicted to. As a whole, all the copied lifestyle of young people came from the Korean movies which were extremely famous in the 1990s and 2000s but were mostly spreaded out by famous young people. The prevalence of the Internet and espcially the advent of social network created an environment in which young people can freely show their personality and feelings. Therefore, beautiful talented boys and girls were discovered and their word had profound influence on other young people’s cognitive. They quickly got a large number of fan and followers, so their lifestyle can partly direct the young’s lifestyle. This can be seen as minority influence that small number of people in a group lead to overall change in the group. On the other hand, adapting Western culture while being affected by Eastern culture makes young people stuck in a difficult situation. The nature of youth is to express and define themselves, they want to be different from others but also want to keep themselves in the society. Hence, they simply copy others’ lifestyle so they can be different (from other groups of people) and identical (to their groups) at the same time. Researched pointed out that culturre strongly impact the social influence on people. And people in collectivistic countries have strong belief in fitting in and conforming to the social norms, which can be seen as signs of maturity and self-control (Markus Kitayama, 1994). Despite being influenced by Western culture for almost 100 years of war, Vietnamese culture still remain the basics of a collectivistic culture. So the young people can not be totally blamed on because they easily follow a trend, it is partly because of the complex culture exchange happening in Vietnam. 2. Living with big ego Desire of self-expression is also known as a typical characteristic of young people. To prove their â€Å"self†, that â€Å"self† must be totally different from others’ â€Å"self† first, so a lot of young people are struggling to find a way to define their â€Å"self† clearest. While others use study results or their talents to prove themselves, many do it in negative ways. As Facebook now is the most common social network in Vietnam, it is not hard to find thousands of article criticizing young people who â€Å"over† express themselves on Facebook. Photos of girls in sexy posture or with just little clothes to show their body are not strange to the netizens at all. And there is even a movement of posting videos of girls’ scrimmage. It also points out that violence tends to increase among the young people. And things became extremely serious due to a scandal on Facebook recently. A Facebook user with nick nam â€Å"Keo mut choi boi† (the nick name can be understood as â€Å"dissipated lollipop† in English) posted a status on his timeline to proudly announce the death of a 60-year-old man in a traffic accident that was made by him. This case received lots of concern from the society because this is the red alert of the rising violence trend among young people. Besides, it is not rare to see a status talking bad about parents or elders in the family. The most well-known case is related to the Korean idols wave that atracted a large number of young people. Some famous Korean idols, such as Super Junior, Girl’s Generation and Bi Rain, came to Vietnam and held their concerts. However, the ticket price was quite expensive to Vietnamese so not all the fan could afford it. Then, there was kind of a trend of disappointed fans depreciating and talking bad about their parents on the Internet because of not letting them go to the concert. Since Vietnamese culture highly value the piety of children, this case created a shock to the whole society. These two cases are only a very small part of the whole picture of young people’s cognitive at present. Though, we can still feel the danger of losing traditional values and believes from the hands of future generations. Young people now are decisive and dare to try new things, but they are lack of experience and maturity. They love their big ego so much that advice from others are hard to reach their mind. By the way, because of their big ego, they usually see themselves better than others. There is a phenomenon, known as false uniqueness bias, shows people’s tendency to see themselves as especially talented and better than others. This happens quite often to the young people. But on the bad side, they give themselves the right to look down on people coming from the country side, the disability or the poor. The distinction between people from rural and urban area even let to conflict between students. 3. Cognitive distortion about sexual orientation Homosexuality has not been totally accepted by Vietnamese and it is still opposed by the laws. This is a new definition and new situation to Vietnamese society. People are fighting to help homosexuality to be admitted and legal in Vietnam. As some organization supporting homosexuality appeared, many people had courage to recognize and confirm their real gender and others seem to not oppose it as much as in the past. This can be considered as a good signal to the society. However, some young people turn it to a new trend of reconfirm sexual orientation. As we all know, beside homosexual (lesbian and gay), there are bisexual (people who are romantically and physically attracted to members of both sexes) and asexual (people who may not be interested in sex but still feel emotionally close to other people). They are called LGBT. Being a LGBT person is not a bad thing, most medical experts believe that, in general, sexual orientation is not something that a person voluntarily chooses, instead, it is just a natural part of who a person is (Sexual Attraction and Orientation). Because LGBT is considered as abnormal so LGBT people are usually afraid of showing their real sexual orientation, especially in Vietnam. However, there is a rising number of young people aggressively admiting being a LGBT and continuosly repeating that. It can not be assumed that all of them are not real LGBT, but it may be concluded that most of them are having wrong cognition about sexual orientation. This wrong cognition often happens to girls because lesbians are easier accepted than gay in Vietnam. But it is also because of the common thought among young people that lesbians are so hot and special. It can be found easily many articles about two female idols kissing and upload their photos on Facebook, this may be only a way to increase their popularity but it does affect young people’s thought. Besides, with the same reason as the copied lifestyle, many girls want to define them as having a different gender from others, which make them special and excellent. Even though, in fact, there are many cases that young people considered themselves as LGBT because of the external environment. In Vietnam, high school students are divided into classes based on the subjects they will take in the university entrance exam. So, there are a lot of class with all female students or only a few males. Although a person’s genes and inborn hormonal factors play most important role in defining sexual orientation, the environmental factors do have effect. Teenage is absolutely a sensitive period because the sexual orientation is not really clear, teenagers may have feelings with friends having same gender but it does not mean that they are LGBT. Moreover, there are two favorite fashion trends called tomboy (girls dress boys’ clothes and look like boys) and unisex (boys and girls dress clothes which is suitable for both gender and it is hard to know that is a boy or a girl). Because these trends are so popular that many girls want to transform into a boys. Along with the lack of knowledge about sexual orientation, tomboy girls easily act as they are lesbian and even get encouragement from friends. Although they are actually not LBGT, they get used to it and can not get back to be straight. Pretending to be LBGT is likely to happen less to boys. But in some cases, the fake gays still exist. It can be assured that their mental are badly influence and the main culprits here are the depraved products. Although environment now is an important factors that affect young people cognition of sexual orientation, people still tend to make fundamental attribution errors and underestimate the role of external factors. Although three living trends seem to be harmful to the young people, there are still many other trends that encourage them to live better. We may find out the voluntary trend all across the country, or the trend of green living – cut off carbon use in everyday meals, and etc But it is still a sad story that these useful and good trends do not attract as much care as the harmful ones. We have to admit that from apperance to behavior, everything in the youth’s life is running after the trend. This trend-following lifestyle both good and bad sides, so it is hard to tell this is harmful or not to the future generations. Nevertheless, the harmful lifestyles need to be studied carefullly and hopefully we may eradicate them in the near future. Except some specific reasons been explain above, there are some identical factors that let those lifestyles spread widely. Firstly, we can not denied the strong tendency to conform of Vietnamese. Although young people want to be unique, it seem that actually they want to be â€Å"unique together†. That may sound weird, but we can easily see that no lifestyles including only one or few people, young people follow that lifestyles and take into account that action because others do so. It might be immature but they just want to be identical to others so they feel it ok to do even bad things. Secondly, there a widening gap among generations. Vietnam is a country highly appreciating traditional values and believes so it is very hard for elders to understand their children. It is not only the result of different thinking but also the difference in technology that the older can not access to what their children are accessing to. Since the older do not have much experience with the Internet or social networks, it is hard for them to give advice to their children how to deal with problems they may face up with. Thirdly, it is absolute that ebulience and immaturity are two things that everyone has to face in their youth. When people get older, they may find their youth funny or even ridiculous, but everyone has to go over it to grown up. We can not eradicate it but can help prevent bad results by advices and education. Last but not least, the most serious problem Vietnam is facing is the old-fashion educatioin system. Although the government has update the education program several times, it can be seen clearly that what students learn in school nowadays is not enough for them to keep up to the world. Started with sexual orientation and sex, young people still make mistakes because they did not get enough knowledge from school. In high schools, students are asked to learn for the university entrance exam, and it results in the lack of soft skills, surviving skills and knowledge of other fields of life, such as history or geography. Though we can find out the factors leading to wrong awareness in following a living trends, it will take a long time to change things. We can not built a skyscraper without a solid foundation. Vietnamese society put all the hope and responsibility of developing the country on the young’s shoulders but it appear that we are having so many internal problems that prevent the development of young people. As people are more strongly influenced by negative traits compared to the positive ones (trait negativity bias), actions must be taken promptly before more young people getting into this problems.

Jean Jacques Rousseau essays

Jean Jacques Rousseau essays If you try to justify why human society goes from a wonderful and positive state of nature into a mostly uncontrollable political state, it is virtually impossible. Rousseau feels that when we enter into this political state, or society, that it is an inevitable. Humans will reach their potential, however at the same time society takes us away from our natural state and corrupts us. In this state of nature, humans are basically good. Rousseau thinks that nature should educate because it educates according to necessity. Throughout time, human society has evolved into a society educated by man. In the past, man has learned off of nature and his environment only to do and have what was necessary to get by. For the reason that man knew of no other life other than his own, man was happy. However, in todays society, man knows of many ways of life. There are many more ways to live, things to learn about, and possessions to own. In this aspect, man needs more than natures education in order to live in this society in which we have created. Todays education changes day to day in order to adapt to daily challenges. Nature does have an important role in the education of an individual, however in order for a person, in todays society, to be able to live a mentally and physically healthy and happy life, he or she must learn not only through nature, but also by man. The three main educative forces, Rousseau talks about, are nature, men, and also things. The education of nature consists only of what the human body is born with. Nature teaches us boundaries, while balancing our power and will. With too much power or will, we are not able to realize the one that is being overpowered. Thus causing us to exceed the lessor of the two, and forcing us to balance our expectations with our abilities. The second educative force is that of man. Man shows us how to use our body that we are born with. This education...

Understanding Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Understanding Relationships - Essay Example It may be rather difficult, as it requires a lot of effort and understanding. But now I more deeply explored this question and may say that some years ago I had an awful lack of relationship tips to use. For instance now I understand the importance of looking into the eyes during a conversation with your partner all the time when he speaks and being sincere in own wish to understand his point of view - that is very captivating. If you do not understand something, you should not be shy to ask direct questions for clarification. You may also scroll in mind your understanding of what your beloved person tried to convey during the conversation. At least it will show that you care about good communication in your relationship, as well as that you really listen and understand his or her point of view. It does not necessary to agree with your partners point of view, but at least you should try to understand it. For me successful communication in relationships also includes expressing own feelings in a positive, constructive way. Accusations and arguments may only put the other person in the defending position. Instead, in my new relationship now I am trying to express what I feel about a particular situation and ask for my boyfriend’s opinion on how this issue can be resolved. It is important to be brief and do not wander from side to side during the discussion. For good communication it is very important to remain calm. It can be quite difficult, especially if the situation is heated up with emotions. In my previous relationship I tend to gain momentum during the conversation, and that made me more worried. It is important not to do this; otherwise the try to talk to the beloved person will fail. Finally, now I try to be sure that I have chosen the right moment to communicate with my partner about important issues, as communication in a relationship can be overshadowed by some inevitable distractions. For example it is a bad idea to

Legalizing Marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legalizing Marijuana - Research Paper Example It is also believed that India was one of the few countries which pioneered the consumption of this plant as a tool for recreation and relaxation. The Sadhus and the Gurus who practiced the art of spiritual elevation found this plant to be extremely useful for their purpose. They gained a lot from its usage whereby it was considered to be a holy drug. Earlier texts of Hinduism dictate that Marijuana was used by the Hindu Gods to evolve and to relax at the same time. (ElSohly, Mahmoud) Ancient Hindu text Soma Veda refers to Marijuana as the â€Å"food of the thinking mind.† Indians call it Ganja. It has served millions of people over a period of time and has been acclaimed as a life saving drug. However, there are side effects of this plant and if consumed by the innocent it may drive one to an extremely negative frame of mind. Marijuana comes from the plant known as Cannabis Sativa. The major psychoactive compound in the plant is known as THC, and this is the element which is responsible for the psychoactive effects in the human mind. The female plant of Cannabis Sativa is consumed by people as it is said to be more potent with THC than the male plant. (Rudgley, Richard) Marijuana has been used for medicinal as well as recreational purposes. Marijuana influences the human body and mind in many different ways. It has the power of changing the mood to the perception of the human mind for a particular object. It enhances hunger when consumed and can lead to weight loss among those who consume it. It relaxes the muscles and also helps the mind calm down after the THC molecules hit the ‘cannabinoid’ receptors which are present in the human mind. The situation for the usage of Marijuana remains static as most of the countries have banned the recreational use of this drug, however, it is allowed in those countries to be used for medicinal purposes. (Gettman, Jon) For those who have tried and are not prejudiced towards it, it is

Pattern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pattern - Essay Example That measurement is needed to be considered so it will create the like. There are lots of techniques and procedures on how to have an exact work of putting pattern on a fabric. Pattern serves as the molder for a complete figure of the planned dress in a fabric. Preparing to Draft the pattern on a fabric is not an easy thing to do. Since fabrics are not hard enough to hold the marks that a sewer will do. We use to design a pattern on a fabric by first making a draft from a paper, the known draft can be produced. From this draft a pattern will taken from which the cloth shall be cut. In which the paper should be strong, firm and white or light, colored if pencil or graphite is to be used. If tailors chalk is to be used, a dark paper or rough texture is preferable. A squaring tool or ‘set square’ is also necessary, usually made of box-wood with brass ends. It is more convenient to use if one side of the square is about 60 cm long and the other shorter, about 30 cm long. It should be marked off in centimeters on both sides with zero at the angle. To start making the pattern on a fabric, first lay the fabric with strong ends and corners so that the marks will be made on its right plane or position. To start drafting the pattern this is the procedure that First, mark a point on the paper on the top right-hand corner about 10cm from the edges and the top ring it so O with a dot in the circle. Just make sure the â€Å"squaring† is accurate and the measurements are applied with care. Keep the drawing neat and tidy. It will be found that very soon the drafting procedure will become quite easy. When the draft is complete a pattern must be made from which the cloth will be cut. The principle of pattern cutting is to duplicate of the draft on to another piece of paper, but instead of an identical copy it is made in separate pieces according to how many parts the garments contents. The draft

Strength Training for Volleyball Players

Strength Training for Volleyball Players The improvement of these abilities is quite important for a volleyball player, being the muscular strength many times the priority for the young athlete. Several studies have reported significant improvements in vertical jump following resistance training (Baker et al, 1994 ) and (Stone et al, 1981).The purpose of strength training for volleyball is not to build big muscles, but to develop the physical characteristics necessary to improve a player’s performance. Strength training is very important to volleyball and however, should not be developed independently from other abilities such as agility, speed and endurance. This program is designed mainly to improve the skill of vertical jump in volleyball for players with moderate to advanced experience. Needs Analysis Needs analysis focuses on the fitness needs of both the activity (vertical jump) and the athlete involved in the sport (volleyball). Sport analysis Successful participation in volleyball sport requires expertise in many physical skills and performance is often dependent on an individual’s ability to propel themselves into the air during both offensive and defensive manoeuvres. These movements include the jump serve, spike, and block. During the carrying out of a jump serve or a spike, the player jumps high into the air and strikes the ball at the highest point of their jump in an effort to propel the ball rapidly down towards the opposing side of the net. Defensively, front row players defend against spikes by jumping into the air with their hands raised in an effort to impede the offensive attack. Unlike offensive jumps, defensive jumps are not maximal vertical jump efforts. There are many factors that are involved in an athlete’s vertical jump and many factors that are involved in improving an athlete’s vertical jump. Vertical jump mainly involves use of the lower limbs. However, the upper limbs play an important role in vertical jump activity. Feltner et al (1999) and Harman et al (1990) concluded that using an arm swing during vertical jumping improved performance over no arm swing. An upward swing causes a downward force on the trunk which in turn slows the rate of contraction of the leg muscles allowing the muscles to contract at a slower velocity and thus generates more force. The fact that an arm swing is so important to vertical jumping performance, may indicate that there is a technique or skill component to vertical jumping, rather than just leg power (Young, 1995). Another biomechanical aspect of vertical jump is the bi-lateral deficit. Bi-lateral deficit results in different heights one-leg versus two-leg vertical jump. The maximal height achieved from one-legged jump is approximately 60% of the maximal two-legged height (Challis, 1998). The possible reason for this deficit may be a neuromuscular adaptation. One-leg jump requires a maximal recruitment of muscle fibres due to less muscle mass available. Furthermore, the height that is achieved by the vertical jump has a direct correlation with the amount of force that is produced by the muscle fibres. This force is created by a phenomenon known as the stretch-shortening cycle of muscle fibres. The stretch-shortening cycle is a natural reaction by muscle fibres to slow the body from fast movements and prevent injury to the individual involved (Kraemer and Newton, 1994). The stretch-shortening cycle involves a counter-movement when a muscle fibre is rapidly stretched creating tension within the muscle. A counter-movement occurs when the muscles are eccentrically stretched, and then rapidly shortened to accelerate the body in the opposite direction and achieve the reverse desirable action. To accomplish this, the muscles act eccentrically to slow the body and initiate the reverse desirable movement (Kraemer and Newton, 1994). This cycle is critical to vertical jump performance. As the individual flexes the knees to jump, the stretch shortening cycle is activated and the athlete explodes into the jump. Newton et al (1997) claimed that there may be an even more important factor to producing more forceful contractions. The research that they conducted came to the conclusion that force output did increase as a function of load, but lighter loads also produced more force because of the speed that the muscle was contracting. In terms of muscle fibre type, elite volleyball players typically show muscle fibre percentages of around 52-60% Fast Twitch muscle fibre composition, which compare favourably to samples from elite level sprinters and jumpers (45-80%FT) (Conlee et al, 1982). A final biomechanical feature of vertical jumps involves the mechanics of the two-joint muscles of the lower limbs. The major muscle groups of the lower extremities involved in vertical jump are the hamstrings, quadriceps and gastrocnemius. All these muscle groups are bi-articulated muscles that cross over multiple joints. The sequence of muscle activation occurs through a proximal to distal pattern (Pandy, 1991). Thus, the gluteus maximus and hamstrings are activated first with a distinct goal of accelerating the trunk upward after countermovement. The activation continues downward through thigh, shank and finally to the toes. Therefore, all of the lower limb muscles must work in order to develop an explosive power. Energy source Research has shown that elite volleyball players to rely primarily upon their anaerobic energy system to supply energy demands during a match (Conlee et al, 1982). However, matches can last up to two and a half hours; therefore some aerobic component must be present as well. Volleyball is 90% anaerobic and 10% aerobic (Baechle et al, 2000). The aerobic energy system may not be relied upon during matches, but it is certainly important during training sessions, rest, and recovery periods. In relation to the specific composition of muscle fibres, it has been suggested that athletes with a well developed anaerobic power capacity will generate more power than athletes with a high aerobic power capacity (Conlee et al, 1982). Primary sites of injury The mechanisms and frequencies of injury in volleyball are well documented. The jump-landing sequence is the most common source of injury in volleyball (Briner and Kacmar, 1997). In fact, blocking and spiking are linked with over 70% of volleyball injuries (Watkins and Green, 1992). Ferretti et al., (1992) hypothesized that the high number of jumps and the likelihood of losing balance due to deviations in jumping technique are the primary causes of injury during volleyball. The vast majority (90%) of volleyball injuries occur in the lower extremity with the knee joint being particularly vulnerable (Gerberich et al, 1987). Knee injuries are of particular importance because they are associated with more lost time from sports participation than other injury sites (Solgà ¥rd et al, 1995). A well-designed volleyball training program will also help to reduce the incidence and severity of injury in volleyball players. Despite being a non-contact sport, a three study found that volleyball is the eighth most injury prone sport in the age group 14 to 20 years (De Loà «s ,1995). Program Design A well-structured volleyball training program can increase explosive power, vertical jump height, stamina and speed and agility around the court. Skill training alone, such as practising spikes, wont develop the physical traits necessary to play to the athletes full potential (Gabbett et al, 2006).Volleyball players have exceptional lower body power and perform well in the vertical jump test (Smith et al,1992). Power in the legs is needed to jump explosively off the ground in order to spike, block, set and dive. This program is designed to maximize the vertical jump for a professional volleyball player who is very interested in increasing his vertical jump to enhance his sport performance for the in-season period. It is a pre-season program which focuses on actual sport specific functions. Squatting, jumping, lateral stepping, hitting and spiking are all common volleyball movements. The pre-season volleyball strength training routine is less intense than the off-season. The goal is to maintain that strength and power, but to perfect sport specific movements. The subject is a full-time employee therefore he has no plenty of time for training. He also practises volleyball with no real schedule. He devotes his weekend to leisure activities and social commitments, so training must be scheduled during weekdays. Conveniently, the subject has no prior major sports injury and he was medically cleared fit for resistance training. The subject has good background of resistance training programs and he has been on training course over the past three months. His training included jogging for 30 minutes and some basic general strength exercises. In order to make strength a valuable physiological component, it must be trained in such a way that gains in strength lead to the highest levels of jumping power. This jumping power must then be effectively applied during the game. To achieve this, strength program is structured into three training phases that lead into the competitive phase. This program consists of three phases (mesocycles) derived from a classic periodization model. These three phases are basic strength, explosive strength and reactive strength. Each phase is four weeks in length. Phase 1 This phase precedes explosive strength and reactive strength training. This is important even for experienced strength-trained athletes as the nature of competitive sport places uneven stresses on the body. The goal here is not to try to necessarily mimic sports movements, but rather just to increase the contractual force producing capabilities of the muscles that are involved in the vertical jump. This phase lasts for 4 weeks and it aims to balance strength between the two sides of the body. It also aims to restore correct balance between the flexors and extensors (such as the hamstrings and quadriceps for example). Attention will be paid to developing limit strength in the muscles of the quadriceps, glutes, hamstrings and lower back as these are the most important muscle groups for vertical jumping. The muscles of the hip extensors will be given special attention because they are usually the weak links in the large majority of athletes. These muscles are the glutes, hamstrings, and lower back. During this phase, training begins at a low intensity with high volume. It includes sport-specific exercises related to vertical jump as well as some non-specific exercises such as core exercises. Overload progress from 60% to 75% of 1RM. Repetitions per set range from 5 to 10 depending on how intense the exercise is. Phase 2 The goal of explosive strength exercises is to either perform the movement with more speed, or with more height. For example, try to jump higher while squatting with light to moderate weights. Generally, speed of movement, especially the beginning of the movement, is more important than the load involved when it comes to these exercises.Explosive strength movements focus on developing maximal starting and explosive strength, without much involvement of the reflexive stretch-shortening cycle .They essentially focus on applying max voluntary force as quickly as possible. In this phase plyometric exercises will be introduced particularly jumps in place and standing jump. Phase 3 Reactive strength exercises generally consist of jumps. The goal with the reactive strength exercises is to execute the movements with either less time spent on the ground or by jumping higher. These movements allow you to take advantage and build upon the reflexive forces that come from the plyometric effect. They are essential for anyone wanting to jump higher and run faster. This training uses the stretch-shortening cycle (stretch reflex) .The stretching reflex responds to the speed at which muscle/tendon complex is stretched prior to movement. Therefore, the faster and greater the stretch is the greater the corresponding reactive force will be. Specificity All exercises included in this program are designed to improve strength, neuromuscular adaptations and recruitment of muscles involved in vertical jump. Volleyball requires explosive movements with sequential use of muscles in a specific order. Olympic lifts strengthen muscles at a similar velocity and in the same order as needed in volleyball (Cross, 1993). Thus, this program will include use of Olympic lifts (snatch, clean and jerk). Most vertical jumping in volleyball is performed from static standing or from a two-step approach (Black, 1995). However, many upward and lateral movements of the upper limb are needed for blocking and spiking. Upper body and abdominal (trunk) strength has also been shown to be a contributing factor to vertical jump performance (Bobbert et al, 1994). Strength in the upper body, particularly the arms and shoulders helps to increase the strength throughout the trunk region which creates solid posture to help maximise jumping technique. Therefore, this program includes many exercises of upper body in order to strengthen all muscles involved in vertical jump.Other exercises (bench press, push press and core conditioning) are included in the program although they do not specifically improve vertical jump. These exercises are included to maintain muscular balance and enhance strength base. While this program is basically designed to improve the vertical jump, it would also be sufficient in developing upper and lower body strength and power. This program also includes some plyometric activities for both upper and lower limbs.Velocity specificity is an important consideration when designing resistance training programs for vertical jump. It indicates that training adaptations (e.g., increased strength/power) are greatest at or near the training velocity (Pereira and Gomes, 2003). However, there exists a conflicting hypothesis that the intention to move a barbell, one’s own body, or any other object explosively is more important than the actual movement velocity in determining velocity-specific responses of the neuromuscular system to resistance training (Behm and Sale, 1993)Plyometric training has been shown to be one of the most effective methods for improving explosive power (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). A wide variety of athletes can benefit from power training, particularly if it follows or coincides with a strength training program. In order for plyometric training to be at its most effective it should follow a phase of maximal strength training (Baechle et al, 2000). The purpose of plyometrics is to improve the athlete’s capacity to apply more force more rapidly. Logically then, the greater the athlete’s ability to generate maximal force or strength to begin with, the more of it can be converted into sport-specific power. Weighted vertical jumps are included in this program for its popularity among training specialists and for its proven benefits in many studies. Baker et al. (2001) found that maximal power was achieved during weighted squat jumps with a 48-63% of 1RM squat. Moreover, Wilson et al. (1993) concluded that weighted jumps increased counter-movement and non-counter-movement vertical jump heights more than the traditional resistance training and plyometric. In the same way, Newton et al (1997) showed that ballistic jump squat training against 30, 60, and 80% 1RM improved vertical jump performance of elite volleyball players significantly more than squat and leg press training with 6RM loads. Subjects in both groups also completed the usual on-court volleyball practice, which involved a large volume of jumping activities. Harris et al. (2000) support this idea by showing the superiority of a combination of heavy- and light-load training to either training method alone in improving a variety of sports performance in football players. Accordingly, athletes may benefit most from resistance training using a range of loads with the intention to move explosively coupled with practicing of the actual sport movement Equipment and spotting This program relies mainly on free-weight training exercises including barbell and dumbbells. Other equipment include pulley and plyometric training facilities such as medicine balls, boxes and hurdles .Free weight training has some advantages over machine training such as whole body training and simulation of real sport activities. However, free weight training requires more balance and coordination. Therefore, spotting is highly required during training with free weights particularly with beginners and young athletes. This program has plenty of free weight exercises performed in different positions and angles and at different velocities therefore, spotting will be carried out for the most of exercises but special attention will be given to the most dangerous exercises such as overhead exercises and Olympic lifts. Intensity The intensity of the program starts at a low level and increases gradually throughout the program. 1RM strength was established at the beginning of the program by estimation from a 10RM test-measured value. 1RM is retested every two weeks after the initial test. However, 1RM will be estimated from 1RM-5RM at the beginning of the second mesocycle. Estimating the 1RM from 10RM provides a general guide until the trainee has developed sufficient strength and neural adaptations that would make testing at low RMs safe an effective (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). Intensity is adjusted by increasing the amount lifted and using supersetting and compound exercises (several exercises for the same muscle group, or multiple exercises for different muscle groups performed with little or no rest). During the last week (microcycle) of each mesocycle, the intensity and volume are slightly decreased in order to allow time for complete adaptation to take place. Plyometric exercises are introduced according to their intensity level. Low intensity exercises are first introduced followed by moderate and then high intensity exercises. Training volume Training volume is generally estimated from the total number of sets and repetitions performed in a single session. A multiple-set (three to six sets) power program incorporated into a strength training program consisting of one to six repetitions in periodized manner is recommended for advanced power training (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). One meta-analysis (Rhea et al, 2003) concluded that four sets of resistance training produced twice the strength increases of one set. Baker et al (2001) concluded that as training volume increases, power tends to decrease and vice versa. Therefore, in order to maximize power gains in this program, the volume of the training starts at a high level and steadily decreases over time. Resistance training volume is further reduced when introducing plyometric exercises. Volume is adjusted by decreasing the number of repetitions per set or by decreasing the number of sets per session. Rest and recovery Adequate rest and recovery are addressed by allowing a full day of rest between each two successive sessions, as well as limiting number of exercises per set. Generally, rest between sets ranges from three to four minutes depending on the number of repetitions performed and intensity of the exercise. For example, a set of 6 repetitions of box jump will need four- minute- rest. When training muscle groups which act together in the same session (i.e. pectorals and deltoids), fatigue may take place. To prevent this problem the muscle groups just trained will be rested or an unrelated muscle groups such as calf group may be trained prior to the training of subsequent muscle groups that have similar actions. Plyometric exercises are performed at the beginning of the training session after a thorough warm-up. Doing so, athlete will develop maximal power before muscle become fatigued from resistance training (Fleck and Kraemer, 2004). The highest volume and intensity exercises are usually performed on Fridays, thus allowing two-day recovery. Periodization This program is designed as a pre-season training consisting of three mesocycles, with four microcycles in each mesocycle. Each microcycle is one week long and involves training over three days: Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Conclusion This program is designed to improve the vertical jump in a professional volleyball player. The workouts are demanding but simple enough to complete in 40 minutes or less. More importantly, psychological factors have been taken into account. This is the reason for the variation in the program within each cycle. Subject may skip some workouts or be not interested in training because of physical or emotional stress. However, with proper supervision and coaching and compliance to this program, the subject will see not only increases in strength and power, but also improvement in vertical jumping and consequently physical performance.

The Benefits of Human Cloning Essay -- Essays Papers

The Benefits of Human Cloning In recent years, many new breakthroughs in the areas of science and technology have been discovered. A lot of these discoveries have been beneficial to scientific community and to the people of the world. One of the newest breakthroughs is the ability to clone. Ever since Ian Wilmut and his co-workers completed the successful cloning of an adult sheep named Dolly, there has been an ongoing debate on whether it is right or wrong to continue the research of cloning (Burley). Recently, in February 2001, CNN conducted a poll that stated, 90% of American adults think that cloning humans is a bad idea (Robinson). Even though the majority of Americans are opposed to human cloning, there are many benefits that will come from the research of it. Advancements in the medical field and in the fertility process will arise from human cloning. These advancements make cloning very beneficial to the human society. One of the most beneficial aspects to cloning is the ability to duplicate organs. Many patients in hospitals are waiting for transplants and many of them are dying because they are not receiving a needed organ. To solve this problem, scientists have been using embryonic stem cells to produce organs or tissues to repair or replace damaged ones (Human Cloning). Skin for burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, hearts, lungs, livers, and kidneys can all be produced. By combining the technology of stem cell research and human cloning, it will be possible to produce the needed tissues and organs for patients in desperate need for a transplant (Human Cloning). The waiting list for transplants will become a lot shorter and a lot less people will have to suff... ...2001. 9 October 2001. . Burley, Justine, ed. The Genetic Revolution and Human Rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 24 September 2001 . Human Cloning Foundation. â€Å"The Benefits of Human Cloning.† 1998. Human Cloning Foundation. 1 October 2001 . Robinson, Bruce. â€Å"Human Cloning: Comments by political groups, religious authorities, and individuals.† 3 August 2001. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 1 October 2001 . Wachbroit, Robert. â€Å"Human Cloning Isn’t as Scary as it Sounds.† The Washington Post 2 March 1997. 3 October 2001 .

Plan of action for Eliazar Gomez Essay

Research has shown that shaking babies is the leading cause of infant mortality. In the United States, up to 1,400 children receive medical treatment after being shaken. Twenty-five percent of these die, while a majority of survivors have to cope with a lifelong vision problems and brain injury (First Statewide, undated). Debby Golonka, MPH, writing for BCB Health Guide, in its Web site, expounds that the long-term complications of the shaken baby syndrome may include seizures (uncontrolled muscle movements and unable to speak, see and interact normally), muscle spasticity that results in awkward movements, mental retardation, blindness or vision problems, delays in physical or emotional growth, learning and behavior problems at school. Vincent Palusci, MD adds that damage to an infant’s immature brain, with little stored information and developed capacities, will impair the brain’s adaptive abilities. Dr. Palusci cites an example that a child with severe vision-related problems will not learn by observing. Dr. Palusci also says that the development of language, motor coordination and balance will be adversely affected, requiring physical and occupational therapy, using a sensory-rich environment, in order to assist the child acquire the skills. Dr. Palusci also underlines the importance of building the child’s ability to be attentive. Dr. Palusci writes that therapists often work on one child to help him focus and further his attention span. Dr.Palusci also says that older kids with SBS may require special education and continued therapy. Plan of Action for Eliazar Gomez From his medical records, it seems that Eliazar may have shaken baby syndrome. It’s utterly important to ascertain for sure if he is mentally retarded. It is highly probable that Eliazar has problems with his social skills with fellow students and teachers, and communication skills (â€Å"just looking at you† might indicate that he didn’t understand what was being said). His being a busybody might indicate his short attention span. All of which are signs of mental retardation (National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities, 2004). If Eliazar is determined to be mentally-retarded, he will need individualized help. One would need to work with Eliazar’s parents to come up with an individualized education program for him. Further, the National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities writes in its fact sheet that teachers will do well to learn more about mental retardation, and the techniques and strategies one can employ to help mentally-retarded students. One also needs to get more involved by emphasizing the student’s strengths and interest, being aware of his educational goals. On the instruction side, the fact sheet suggests being as concrete as possible, giving less verbal instructions and doing more demonstrations (show a picture, or other visual aids). Longer tasks also need to be broken down into smaller steps. (National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities, 2004). References 2004. Mental Retardation Fact Sheet. National Dissemination Center for Children withDisabilities. Retreived on 28 March 2008. First statewide shaken baby prevention research project in US. EmaxHealth. Com Retrieved on 28 March 2008. Golonka, Debby. 2007. Shaken Baby Syndrome. BCB Health Guide. Retrieved on 28 March 2008. Palusci, Vincent J. 2004. Shaken Baby / Shaken Impact Syndrome. .

Implementing And Sustaing Evidence In Nursing Care Of Cardiovascular

Implementing And Sustaing Evidence In Nursing Care Of Cardiovascular Implementing And Sustaing Evidence In Nursing Care Of Cardiovascular Disease – Book Report/Review Example Nursing of In the past, myocardial infarction patients had few interventions for their condition and most died. Even those that survived still had high risks of heart failure. Coronary artery bypass grafting was the only intervention that was applicable when curing such cases. With time, there have been developments that have eased care for coronary artery disease patients. Examples of such development include the introduction of thrombolysis and percutaneous coronary intervention. Other notable developments are in the medication and new drugs for cardiovascular disease patients. PCIs have overtaken CABG as the preferred procedure of care for cardiovascular patients (Bick and Graham, 2010). Whereas CABG requires admission, PCI procedures take place under sedation and hence are a possibility under outpatient arrangements.Nurses are the most common caregivers. They may work with other professionals to provide care for patients. The various innovations allow nurses provide Evidence-base d practice to the cardiovascular patients. Various factors contribute to measurement of the delivery of care. Clinical practice guidelines may indicate the quality of care. Other factors relevant in the measurement of the quality of care are generic health-related and disease specific measures of quality of life. Nurse-led clinics provide necessary services for cardiovascular patients. That could include education and counseling. Due to improved secondary prevention, these clinics have managed to exhibit gains in the provision of care. The clinics are also cost-effective in the long run (Bick and Graham, 2010).Telehealth and e-health represent trends that have brought a lot of change in the field. Health professionals are now able to extend their reach in the prevention and handling of cardiovascular patients. Although technology has had its challenges in application in the provision of care, technological innovations improve the quality of care to a great extent. Even with the many challenges, there remains a great potential for innovations and experimentation in the field of cardiology (Bick and Graham, 2010). That would improve the service delivery of many professionals. ReferencesBick, D. and Graham, I. D. (eds.) (2010). Evaluating The Impact of Implementing Evidence Based Practice. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives

Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives Introduction Forced labor played an important role in the American history. It affected the lives of many Blacks living in the country during that time. Some slaves managed to escapethatenabled them to write some stories based on their lives. Fredrick Douglass, for example, wrote a narrative referred to as Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass: An America Slave. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Douglass gave an account of his social, Douglass authored his works on Narrative of the Life of Douglass after Blacks had started demanding for their rights and freedoms. In contrast, the works of Jacob was affected by the political and historical events that went on during publication of her works.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She published her works at a time that Americans rose against each other in the Civil War. She had to convey compelling argument to gain the attention of women about suffrage. Douglass had a major influence in society because he was both a leader and a writer. His works was met with criticism from owners of the slaves, which forced him to run for his safety. Fredrick Douglass based his ideas on the sermon. He could influence church members to reject any form of slavery because it was against God’s will. He was hired to lecture at Massachusetts Antislavery organization, whereby he developed some of styles that could enable him to attack slave owners. He came up with rhetorical devices that were similar to sermons and proclamations and used them in formulating his narrative. Such strategies included reverberation, contrast and many classical credible tactics. His findings were based on compilation of various speeches given in church. This means that he used b iblical quotes to condemn slavery because he cited some of the famous writings from the Holy book to prove that slavery was indeed inhuman (Pyne 71). Furthermore, Douglass borrowed the ideas of Emerson, which were popular in 1840s. He combined various views to encourage his supporters to fight against slavery, which caused anguish to people. He gave a narration in which he likened slavery to the life of a man who undergoes initiation from childhood to adulthood. Initiation signifies transformation from boyhood to maturity. In the same way, fight for freedom is like transformation from human chattel to a free citizen. According to Douglass, he analyzes his displeasure against slavery, by stating: Slaves sing most when they are most unhappy. The songs of the slaves represent the sorrows of his hear, and are relieved of them, only as its tears relieved an aching heart (Douglass 20)†. Because of his personal view to slavery, he was able to relate to the vile moments of slavery to his sermons. In return, he had an opportunity to attack slavery. The sermons provided Douglass with a good opportunity to attack slavery. He used quotations from the Bible, which contradicted with the activities of slave owners, to challenge slavery.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This enlightened Christian slave owners to neglect the provisions of the slavery laws. In addition, he used the sermons in church to remind slave owners that it was against God’s Will to use or humiliate another human being by treating them as objects. It is noted that Christianity played a bigger role in abolishing slavery in the US. Contrary to Douglass’ observation, Jacob gave her reasons against the slavery at around 1854. Such views and ideas made the author live as a renegade for about ten years. She authored her works after Cornelia Grinnell had given her a decent job. In other words, her findings could be termed as sentimental meaning a domestic novel. The author targeted women in families, home, matrimony and womanly reticence. She had borrowed much from the previous women writers. Her works encouraged women to rise up and fight slavery as well as male patriarchy. The issue of gender makes a big difference between the two scholars. Jacob focused on the problems encountered by women under slavery. She argued that slave owners could demand for sexual relationships with their subjects. In this case, women were the first casualties because they could not resist. Jacob showed how society used physical qualities to discriminate some members.She claimed that no social structure was maintained by oppressing some of its members. Conversely, the two scholars had different focuses because Douglass emphasized on struggle to achieve manhood and freedom while Jacob was much disturbed by the issue of sexual exploitation. A s Jacob observed, slavery was much terrible for women as compared to men. Women were affected most because there were no jobs for them (Shlaes 45). In society, women existed at the mercy of men. They were infringed economical and socially. They were only supposed to handle minor activities, but not to participate in major debates.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major problem for women was male domination and societal structure, which was rigid and unbiased. Douglass did not talk much about women (Pyne 83), but was more focused on liberating the entire society from slavery. On the other hand, Jacob’s concerns were clear. She longed for liberating women from male patriarchy and domination. She cited societal structure as one of the impediments to women liberation. Culture did not allow women to participate in active politics, neither did it encourage women to rise up and fight for their rights. Even pressure groups focused only on setting men free from slavery, not women. This implies that women were supposed to stand up and fight for their rights independently. This is reflected perfectly in the following text: When he told me that I was made for his use, made to obey his command in everything; that I was nothing but a slave who will must and should surrender to his, never before had my puny arm felt half-strong (Jacob 29). From Jacob’s narrative, it is established that she was not learned meaning that her works did not have any scholastic foundation. She could not be compared to Douglass who was educated (Shlaes 45), though very poor. Family backgrounds affected the writings of the two authors. Jacob claimed that her adventures seemed incredible because of the life she went through. She also admitted that her descriptions fell short of acts because she was not much enlightened, unlike Douglass who was well off academically since he was offered employment as a tutor. He worked in one of the colleges that supported liberation. Educational backgrounds affected the narratives of the narrators since more education affects an individual’s orientation to the world. In other words, learned narrators use tact in presenting his or her ideas. Douglass understood the importance of the importance of liberty hence encouraging slaves and other members of society to fight for their rights (McPherson 14). On the other hand, Jacob urged women to raise their concerns through societal institutions, such as government, which proved to be futile. Douglass used his influence and position in the society to inform the public of the evils of slavery. Conclusion Overall, Douglass and Jacobs aimed at eliminating slavery by condemning it through written texts. They focused on the awful experiences and nature of slavery. Each of the narrators had different viewpoints as regards to slavery. In addition, the scholars exposed injustices that infringed upon peoples rights to equality and equal opportunities. Comparison of works of the two writers reveal that differences endured by male and female slaves related to gender roles, political aspects, and societal structure. Douglass, Fredrick. Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass, an American slave. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Jacob, Harriet. Incidents in the life of a slave girl. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2007.Print. McPhe rson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford: Pulitzer Prize, 2003.Print. Oatis, Steven. A Colonial Complex: South Carolinas Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680-1730. New York: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.Print. Pyne, Stephen. How the Canyon Became Grand. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1998.Print. Shlaes, Amity. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 2008.Print.